LAN Topology Design and Cabling Specifications

LAN Topology Design and Cabling Specifications Free Online Research Papers In networking terms, topology refers to the virtual design of network. It tells us how the computers will be connected to each other using cables. To create an office LAN (Local Area Network), we can consider following one of the LAN topologies: Bus Ring Star Tree Bus Topology: Simplest of all LAN topologies, which have single cable to connect multiple computers in a network. If this cable fails, the entire network crashes. Ring Topology: All communication amongst computers travel through a ring in same direction. If any of the cable fails, the look breaks and thus make network unusable. Star Topology: Require more cable than Bus topology. Failure in one cable only makes one cable inaccessible and not the entire LAN. Tree Topology: Tree topology is nothing but multiple star topologies. Requires a lot more cables than star topology but is extra safe when one of the cables fails. After considering the vulnerability and cost of network it is recommended that star topology is selected for the office LAN. This choice for the network is made based on requests that physical aspects of the network are easy to manage. The star topology uses a hub as a central point of connection for the computers or other devices on the Local Area Network (LAN). These devices that are connected to the network are connected to the hub with their own separate cable. The star topology allows the network to be expanded without difficulty. This depends on how many ports are on the hub that is being used. â€Å"If more ports are needed on the hub, two hubs can be linked together to provide more connectivity (Habraken, Joe, 2004)†. Adding additional computers to the network will be easy. This is done by simply connecting the desired computer or computers to the port on the hub. This is an advantage of the star topology because it allows you to expand the network with out interfering with the other devices. This topology relies on a lot of cabling that can sometimes result in cost issues but if planned correctly it can fit within any reasonable budget. Cables Specification Cables are most important part of any network, if not wireless. It is always advisable to consider factors like cost, durability and speed before selecting cable for the network. Following are common types of cable which includes twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Twisted-pair cables: Twisted pair cables are most common types of cables which are used in telephone communications and also in almost all modern Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cables are made of pair of wires and are twisted to provide protection against crosstalk – When electric signals flow through the wire it makes a small circular magnetic field around the wire, and thus twisted pair cables are made in such a way to minimize this disturbance. There are basically two typed of twisted-pair cables: 1.) Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) 2.) Shielded twisted pair. (STP) Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable are composed of pairs of wires, and has eight individual copper wires which are covered by insulating material to reduce ‘disturbance’. The twisted wires pairs in UTP reduce signal degradation caused by electromagnetic interferences. UTP cables have inexpensive, and has small diameter which makes it easy during installation. And as it’s easily available and can be used with major networking architecture, UTP put forth itself to be a strong contender when choosing cables for networks. Characteristics of UTP Speed and throughput- 10 to 1000 Mbps Average cost per node- Least expensive Media and connector size- Small Maximum cable length- 100 m (short) Shielded twisted-pair (STP) has four pairs of wires. Each pair is wrapped in metallic foil, and this four pair is again wrapped in metallic braid or fail. STP cables are designed to decrease electrical disturbance within the cable and/or external. STP cables prevents disturbance better than UTP cables but are more expensive and difficult to install. Because of its cost and difficulty in installation, STP cables are generally not preferred. Characteristics of STP Speed and throughput- 10 to 100 Mbps Average cost per node- Moderately expensive Media and connector size- Medium to large Maximum cable length- 100 m (short) Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cables has hollow outer cylindrical conductor that surrounds a single inner wire made of two conducting elements. One of the elements (metal) is located in center of cable and is generally copper which again has a layer of flexible insulation. There is a woven copper braid or a metallic foil which acts as shield to reduce outside interference or a second wire if primary wire is defected. Coaxial cable can be used over longer distance than twisted-pair cables but are more expensive than UTP. As coaxial cables can transmit through longer distance, it decreases the number of repeaters to be installed within a broader network which helps bring down the cost. But because of the thickness of coaxial cables, it is difficult to install in some situations, and difficultly in installation means expensive to install Characteristics of Coaxial Cable: Speed and throughput- 10 to 100 Mbps Average cost per node- Inexpensive Media and connector size- Medium Maximum cable length- 500 m (medium) Below is a short table which can be referred to while choosing the type of cables in any network topology. Media Type Maximum Segment Length Speed Cost Advantages Disadvantages UTP 100 m 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps Least expensive Easy to install; widely available and widely used Susceptible to interference; can cover only a limited distance STP 100 m 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps More expensive than UTP Reduced crosstalk; more resistant to EMI than Thinnet or UTP Difficult to work with; can cover only a limited distance Coaxial 500 m (Thicknet) 185 m (Thinnet) 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps Relatively inexpensive, but more costly than UTP Less susceptible to EMI interference than other types of copper media Difficult to work with (Thicknet); limited bandwidth; limited application (Thinnet); damage to cable can bring down entire network Fiber-Optic 10 km and farther (single-mode) 2 km and farther (multimode) 100 Mbps to 100 Gbps (single mode) 100 Mbps to 9.92 Gbps (multimode) Expensive Cannot be tapped, so security is better; can be used over great distances; is not susceptible to EMI; has a higher data rate than coaxial and twisted-pair cable Difficult to terminate Although, fiber optics and wireless network can be used for networking, we are not considering it in this paper as fiber optics is too expensive to implement it practically in office generally, while wireless network is too slow and vulnerable to implement either. References: http://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkdesign/a/topologies.htm ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=31276seqNum=1 Research Papers on LAN Topology Design and Cabling SpecificationsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHip-Hop is Art

Overwhelmed There’s a Way Out

Overwhelmed There’s a Way Out Last week I received for my review and editing an 84-page document from the company implementing my Infusionsoft program. The document consisted of poorly-written drafts of multiple email messages that will be going to both customers and writers at The Essay Expert. The messages cover situations such as clients who have not turned in their questionnaires; people who fill out a contact form and don’t respond to our calls; assignments of clients to writers; and much more. The language in the emails was too informal for my company’s brand, and there were spelling and grammatical errors in pretty much every one. Not a single email was written in a way that I would want it to appear to my clients. Although my assistant had done some editing on the document already, there was a whole lot left to do. How would you feel if you received an 84-page document like this to edit? Does â€Å"overwhelmed† describe it sufficiently? For me, â€Å"overwhelmed† was a fairly accurate description, which I identify as a combination of anger and fear. As I went through the first 15 pages, however, I began to realize that I did not have to be overwhelmed by this project – at least not now. Patterns began to emerge in the errors that had been made, and I suddenly had a big insight: I could delegate editing this document back to my assistant! I wrote a list of four tasks for her that, once completed, would make my job a lot easier. My feeling of overwhelm suddenly subsided, and although I might experience it again when I receive the next draft, I have reduced my stress level significantly. The feeling of overwhelm has, no surprise, surfaced in my business before. I experienced it when I started getting dozens of LinkedIn invitations per week and â€Å"had to† respond to all of them myself. I experienced it when I was entering my own bookkeeping data. I experienced it when I was posting my blog article to WordPress every week and finding images to insert. I experienced it when I was creating screenshots for my e-book. And I experienced it while organizing my leads and conversions each month, pulling from multiple email folders to create a complete list. In every one of these cases, I managed to let go of doing the task myself, figure out what I was doing so that someone else could do it, and hand it over. None of this was easy for me, as I am rather controlling and want things done right. I had to make a shift in thinking from â€Å"I’m the only one who can do this† to â€Å"I can teach someone else how to do this.† The benefit of successful delegation has been my freedom. My business has grown, and yet I have more time to do things I want to do for myself: cook, do yoga, spend time with friends, and concentrate on my personal growth. I am now regularly on the lookout for signs of overwhelm because I know that it means it’s time to expand, let go, trust, and create freedom in a way I might not have believed was possible. Where in your life are you experiencing being overwhelmed by a project? How can you enroll others to make it look more doable? I’d love to hear about the challenges you’ve experienced, solutions you’ve implemented, and any new ideas you have for approaching big tasks so you can thrive.

Portfolio analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio analysis - Essay Example Correlation according to Cohen (2003) can be defined as the description of the degree in which two variables are related to each other. For example how is coffee business growth related to the weather patterns? Correlation can either be positive or negative meaning a single variable can affect the other positively or negatively. Covariance on the other hand can be defined as the manner two variables change at the same time. Covariance can be described as how two risky assets go hand-in-hand or in relation to one another (see C. Patrick Doncaster, 2007). If the covariance is positive this implies that the assets returns are simultaneous and if negative, this will imply the returns on the assets are inverse.Correlation and covariance both describe the relationships of two variables and in the way they move whether positively that is together or negatively that is inversely. Looking at the above definitions of covariance and correlation we can clearly see the relationship between the tw o in the context that correlation will determine the extent to which two variables are connected to each other while covariance will look at the same two variables and asses how they move together. Portfolio diversity is best achieved if the covariance is not in the same direction meaning the assets in the portfolio do not have perfect correlation (see Alexander, 2009). If the two asset variables do not have a direct relationship in terms of their asset returns this will mean that they do not move in the same direction ... Correlation as earlier defined is the relationship of various assets in a portfolio and how they impact on each other in terms of returns. In case assets have a low correlation according to Lhabitant (2004), this will mean that the assets have a minimal interaction in the market in terms of returns. If one of the assets is affected negatively this will not necessarily mean that the other assets will suffer the same adverse effects to the same degree but in a lesser degree. Negative correlation will mean that the assets have no relationship in terms of performance and this will mean that the performance of individual assets will be independent of the other assets in the same portfolio. A low or negative correlation will minimize the portfolio risk to very low levels because the assets will have no direct relation in terms of negative correlation or minimal relationship in terms of low correlation. This will mean all the assets will act as independent factors in the portfolio despite h aving a common investor. This will ensure that when one of the assets is not doing well in terms of return all the others will not be affected since they lack a relationship. A good portfolio is aimed at having the lowest risk and this can be best assessed by ensuring the portfolio mix is of assets with low or negative correlation. c. Diversification and why is it important to portfolio risk Diversification in terms of portfolio means minimizing the risk factor by investing in various assets (see Hagin, 2004). This will mean that an investor should not invest all his money in one asset but rather subdivide his money to be invested in various assets so that the risk is well distributed. Suppose an investor invests all his money in one asset this will mean that the risk

Recruitment of a Star Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Recruitment of a Star - Essay Example 27). This allows for loyalty and dependency. He is the best fit or candidate for the job because of the above positive aspects as well as the intelligence he demonstrated during the interview. Letting Peter go was the biggest mistake that Stephen Conner made because he faced the biggest problem of finding the right replacement as soon as possible (Groysberg et al. 1). Time was the significant factor for Stephen since it was that time when the organization was in dire need of an experience, skilled and senior analyst so as to get started with PowerChip Company, their new client (Connor & York, 2011). Other than that, Stephen faced a lot of concerns from the organization’s senior executives regarding his decision of allowing Peter go. As a matter of fact, the senior executives were very disappointed with his decision to make Rina a substitute for Peter because Rina was an assistant to Peter and had joined the organization only three years ago yet they needed a senior and highly qualified analyst (Groysberg et al. 2). The organization needed a senior analyst who is amazingly intelligent and with very superior analytical skills just like Peter (Connor & York, 2011). So a candidate that needed to succeed or supplant Peter must possess the same characteristics or be of the similar cadre so as to fit on the same shoe quite easily. Peter was at all times a hard worker and an achiever and his priorities were resource management, time management as well as competency at work (Groysberg et al. 4). Therefore, to find the best fit or replacement look alike of peter, there must be a new Peter that has the similar skill set as well as attitude. From the list of the four candidates, the best fits are Sonia and Seth because of the following reasons. Sonia is a hard worker and an achiever. Despite the fact that she is working in a boutique, Sonia’s performance following the previous three years has tremendously grown

Improving Concentration And Memory Skills

Improving Concentration And Memory Skills If you wish to improve your memory skills, i.e. your ability to remember information and recollect it when you so desire, it is imperative that you improve your concentration. Concentration requires you to focus intently on whatever you are trying to remember. Concentration enables you to: learn new facts recall information that you have already memorised It is obvious that you need to focus on the information to be learnt if you want to remember it. So you must improve your concentration to improve your memory. You cannot claim that your powers of concentration are weak and hence you suffer from a weak memory. Concentration is a mental skill. It can be developed by you, just like any other skill. There are several exciting ways in which you can boost your concentration power. Step 1: Power Your Brain If you really wish to improve your concentration, try the following tips and you will find a marked improvement in a relatively short time period. There have been several books that have been written on the subject of how the brain works and how you can use this knowledge to improve its functioning. In Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain, Sharon Begley explains that the structure and function of the adult brain is not set in stone. The connections between the neurons in your brain grow and change all the time. When you learn to play the guitar, study the human anatomy, read a book, practise the Chinese style of cutting vegetables, or develop a new habit, you are increasing the networking in the brain. As with any other muscle in the body, the more you use the brain, the better it becomes. You need to exercise a muscle regularly to develop it. In the same manner, you must exercise your brain regularly to develop and keep it in good shape. Your brain has the ability to change and grow all the time. This is a continuous process and does not happen overnight. With continuous and consistent effort, you can improve your brains ability to concentrate. Build into your daily regime the following habits: Mindfulness meditation: Begin by meditating for five minutes in the morning and for five minutes again at night before going to bed. If you do this everyday, you will notice that your power of concentration is improving. Mindfulness means to be aware or conscious. Meditation sharpens your focus and memory. Studies at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston have proved that regular meditation creates changes in the physical structure of the brain by thickening the cortex. Then thickening of the cortex happens because of increased blood flow to that area. The cortex is that area of the brain that deals with the higher mental functions. So, meditation and memory are inextricably linked to each other. By meditating regularly, you improve your brains power to focus. It also helps bring clarity in your thinking. I found mindfulness meditation is the best way to meditate. In this way you have to do the reverse of other meditation methods commonly used. Here you will not try to empty your mind but you will try to fill your mind with as much as information you can. But it should be from the present only not from the past and the future. E.g. sit comfortably and try to focus on your breathing sound, listen the sound of it. Feel it, try to imagine that air going in and out. I mean make your all the senses/ perception busy enough in receiving information from the present moment. It will make busy your mind in the present passing movement and you will not get the time to wonder in past and future. And concentration is all about staying in present. You can do the same thing while eating, bathing, walking by making your senses busy in receiving the information in the present movement. Like what is the temperature of water you are using for bath or what are the ingredients of the food you are eating also try to analyse their quantity. Proper sleep: It is a well known fact that sleep contributes to the long-term consolidation of new memories (Nature journal, November 2006). Going by this, any new memories that are formed require enough sleep to enable the brain to organize and retain them. If a night has been slept in tossing and turning (if its due to an old mattress, throw it out and get a new one), the brain is not fresh and ready to face a new day of work. It is foggy and sleepy, and it will not function with clarity and sharpness. Its ability to retain anything will be reduced. Both concentration and memory will suffer because of poor sleep. To improve the quality of your sleep have a hot cup of milk before going to bed, remove stressful thoughts from your mind, darken the room, have warm shower, put on some light music and read a boring book. All these things are aimed at ensuring that you get a good nights rest. It will help your brain boost its energy levels. This in turn will lead to improved concentration. Eat healthier: There is a direct correlation between your diet and your concentration and memory. The nutrients and energy needed by your brain are supplied by the food you eat. The brain uses glucose, a sugar, as fuel, so your blood sugar needs to be regulated. To help improve your memory, cut back on fast foods which are high in saturated fats and salt, both of which block your carotid arteries. Such blockages reduce the supply of oxygenated blood to the brain. The focusing power of the brain is then diminished. Reduce your weight to the normal levels, for being overweight makes your physical body and your mental capacities sluggish. Eat foods that enrich your brain to help in improving its functionality. Brain foods include apples, bananas, dark green vegetables such as spinach, eggs, flaxseed, and fish, and some essential fatty acids like Omega -3. Drinking at least one liter of water a day per 23 24 kg of body weight will also help. To keep your blood sugar steady, take five or six small meals throughout the day. Limit your calorie intake to what is essential. Vitamins and other supplements: Brain enhancement supplements do not do much and can be avoided. Taking a multi-vitamin tablet everyday as a supplement does help. It may fill in the lacuna created by any kind of vitamin deficiency in your diet. Cod liver oil capsules, Vitamin B and vitamin C tablets help in supplementing the vitamins that you get from your regular diet. Vitamins are essential for the proper functioning of your brain. Brain games: You need to play the games that ask for greater focus. These should be played often to improve your concentration levels. This is because the brain becomes better at whatever it exercises on a regular basis. By playing those games that require concentrated effort, the brains ability to focus increases. Step 2. Optimize your Environment: A proper environment, conducive to studies, also helps in improving your concentration. A Study Area: It is good to have a designated spot for studying. You will get in the habit of studying there. Make sure its not the bed that you use for studies, for the bed relates to sleep. Have a desk in a quiet and secluded place away from noise to enable you to concentrate. Try Different Coloured Lights: Recent studies indicate that the use of a green light bulb in the study lamp improves concentration. You could try this out to see if it works for you. Red light is also supposed to improve concentration and memory. You may also decorate your study area with artifacts and items which are red in colour and see whether this helps in improving your concentration. Remove Distractions: Radio, television, and telephone are all distractions. They should be switched off during your study time. This will help you focus. Make sure that when you study, you are not disturbed by friends who call or drop in unexpectedly. Your study time should be clear to you as well as others. By demarcating your study hours, you will prevent the distractions that otherwise eat into your time. Use Time Boxes: For a particular portion of study, set a reasonable time limit. If you wish to learn a new chapter, set forty minutes for reading it and another twenty minutes for learning it. You should be able to complete the chapter in one hour. By doing this, you ensure that there is a deadline to be met and this helps you to focus on the work. Stay Motivated: To stay motivated you can promise yourself a reward at the end of a certain period of focused studying. For example, you may tell yourself that after a couple of hours of study, you will have earned the reward of watching your favourite T.V. show at night. Take a Regular Break: Every hour, take a five minute break, to prevent your energy levels from lagging. You should get up from the chair, walk a bit and stretch your legs. Have a glass of water or a light snack. Do some eye exercises to relax your eyes. Change your Breathing: Change your breathing to activate your alpha waves. Switch your breathing pattern to deeper and slower. This helps your brain to switch to alpha waves, which mentally prepare your brain to concentrate on new facts. The alpha waves bring your mind to readiness to learn new facts. This is the cool and relax state of mind. Any learning requires concentration. Without focusing on the information, the brain will not be able to learn or remember. If your brain wanders, it will not recall a lesson. So concentration is a must for learning and retaining. Improvement in concentration will lead to improvement in the memory since learning, remembering and recollecting are all inter- related. If you have not learnt, how will you remember? Hence, improve your concentration and this will lead to an improved memory.

Our Toughest Struggles in Life Can Be with Ourselves Essay

In our life, struggles are everywhere. If we want to be successful, we will have to strive hard. Just as an old Chinese saying goes, â€Å"There won’t be the fragrance of calyx canthus if the flower doesn’t go through the chilly winter.† Only after we undergo different kinds of hardships, can we achieve what we aim at. Therefore, we must get ready to face the toughest struggles and try to deal with any ups and downs calmly and bravely. When I was a little boy, I always dreamed of getting a nice toy like the one my friend Henry had. One day, I told my mother about that, hoping she would buy me one. However, she just ignored my idea, encouraging me to save money and buy one for myself. At first, I was so disappointed and frustrated that I got very angry with her. Later, I calmed down and thought what she suggested might as well be a good way to accomplish my wish. So I spared every cent I could in my daily life until finally one year later I accumulated enough coins and got that fancy stuff. During that year, I overcame numerous difficulties like killing the desires of buying candies, pulling myself back from snack bars, restraining myself from watching too many movies, etc. It was really too much for a ten-year boy. Nevertheless, my mother was right – I achieved what I had always wished for and trained myself the ability to handle any tough struggles in my later life. Two years ago when I first came here, I encountered another unimaginable problem in my life – I understood little in class just because of my poor English. I was depressed and sighed in despair all the time. It was my mother and teachers who inspired me and gave me a lot of encouragement. They told me that difficulty was everywhere and it could accompany anybody anytime. As long as we got ready and took actions, nothing was impossible. From then on, I got up early every day to practice speaking English, listening to English and reading English. Besides, whenever I was free, I went to various markets to practice speaking English with native speakers. Success always shows appreciation for those who make great efforts. Nowadays, I am able to understand most of the lessons in class and express myself in English most of the time in my daily life. What I get from my own experience is that life is not always filled with  flowers and easiness. The road of our life is made up of struggles and success. How successful we are depends on how much endeavor we are willing to undertake. Accordingly, we need to prepare for any toughest struggles in life as they can come up anytime.

Assumption of Douglas Mc Gregor Theory X and Theory Y

In the 1950s, Douglas McGregor (1906-1964), a psychologist who taught at MIT and served as president of Antioch College from 1948-1954, criticized both the classical and human relations schools as inadequate for the realities of the workplace. He believed that the assumptions underlying both schools represented a negative view of human nature and that another approach to management based on an entirely different set of assumptions was needed. McGregor laid out his ideas in his classic 1957 article The Human Side of Enterprise and the 1960 book of the same name, in which he introduced what came to be called the new humanism. McGregor argued that the conventional approach to managing was based on three major propositions, which he called†¦show more content†¦The major propositions of Theory Y include the following: 1. Management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise-money, materials, equipment, and people in the interests of economic ends. 2. People are not by nature passive or resistant to organizational needs. They have become so as a result of experience in organizations. 3. The motivation, potential for development, capacity for assuming responsibility, and readiness to direct behavior toward organizational goals are all present in people-management does not put them there. It is a responsibility of management to make it possible for people to recognize and develop these human characteristics for themselves. 4. The essential task of management is to arrange organizational conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their own goals by directing their efforts toward organizational objectives. Thus, Theory Y has at its core the assumption that the physical and mental effort involved in work is natural and that individuals actively seek to engage in work. It also assumes that close supervision and the threat of punishment are not the only means or even the best means for inducing employees to exert productive effort. Instead, if given the opportunity, employees will display self-motivation to put forth the effort necessary to achieve theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory X And Theory Y Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesobtain satisfaction from performing their duties well. Such employees are innately motivated (Douglas McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y, 2015). Other employees are never proud of their work. They simply work because they believe that they cannot survive without their jobs. Such employees are externally motivated (they require an outside force to compel them to perform their duties) (Theory X and Theory Y: Understanding Team Member Motivation, 2016). 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